Ifsttar PhD subject

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Title : Analysis and modeling of the interactions between different modes of aging in the new uses of traction batteries: Application to the plug-in hybrid vehicle

Main host Laboratory - Referent Advisor   -

Director of the main host Laboratory   -

PhD Speciality Génie Electrique

Axis of the performance contract 1 - COP2017 - Efficient transport and safe travel

Main location Bron

Doctoral affiliation UNIVERSITE CLAUDE-BERNARD-LYON 1

PhD school ELECTRONIQUE, ELECTROTECHNIQUE, AUTOMATIQUE (EEA)

Planned PhD supervisor PELISSIER Serge  -  Université Gustave Eiffel  -  COSYS - LICIT-ECO7

Planned PhD co-supervisor VENET Pascal  -  LYON 1  -  Laboratoire Ampère

Planned financing Thèse sur contrat  - Ifsttar

Abstract

Scientific context
With the aim of reducing dependence on fossil fuels and limiting the effects of human activities on the climate, governments in most developed countries are implementing measures favoring models of vehicles emitting the least CO2.
Automakers must reduce the average fuel consumption of their fleet. To achieve this, in the last decade, many models of micro-hybrid vehicles, hybrid and electric (VE) have emerged. But in recent years a new vehicle technology was developed, namely plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHVs). Today, these constitute 40% of the total number of rechargeable vehicles (VHR + VE) [1].
The rechargeable hybrid vehicle, unlike the electric vehicle can be considered as a replacement of the conventional thermal vehicle in terms of autonomy, while allowing a significant reduction in fossil energy consumption. As a result, it is likely that the rapid development of plug-in hybrid vehicles in recent years will continue in the next decade to allow car manufacturers to meet the CO2 emission limits imposed by governments. For example, the objectives of the European Union have increased from 130 g / km in 2015 to 95 g / km in 2021 [2].

The energy optimization of vehicles is the central theme of the VEH team (vehicles electric and hybrid) of the LTE. The research carried out in recent years in this direction has made it possible to optimize the energy consumption of vehicles, in particular for electric and hybrid vehicles, and is now moving towards global optimization of energy / pollution / raw materials.
In the case of electrified vehicles, this research is based on the "batteries aging" theme. Indeed, the battery is the most sensitive component in electric or electric hybrid powertrains given their high cost and their short life. Research conducted by the team in recent years has deepened the understanding of stress-generating modes of operation and measured their consequences on battery aging.
This thesis is a natural continuation of Eduardo REDONDO's thesis (October 2017). E. REDONDO focused on the aging of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles taking into account the interactions between calendar aging (with the battery at rest) and cycling (when the battery is charging or discharging). After an exhaustive bibliographic study on the electrochemical phenomena governing the functioning and aging mechanisms of batteries, this thesis allowed the development of empirical aging models adapted to the use of an electric vehicle. The equations on which these models rest were formulated in coherence with the physical laws of the phenomena leading to the aging of the batteries [3].

As for most of the work on energy storage within IFSTTAR, these studies will be carried out in collaboration with the Ampère Laboratory (University of Lyon) within the framework of the ERC GEST (Joint Research Team "Gestion de l’Energie et Stockage dans les Transports - Management of Energy and Storage for Transport ").
The results obtained can be applied to the central theme of the VEH team for a global optimization (energy / pollutants / raw materials). In this sense, they are part of the collaboration begun with the DLR within the INNOMOB institute.

Objectives
The lithium-ion batteries that power hybrid and electric vehicles have been studied and optimized for both types of use. In the first case, the currents through the battery are high while the state of charge remain at average levels. In the second, the battery experience low currents and the state of charge can vary over a wide range. These two uses can trigger very different aging mechanisms. The "plug-in hybrid vehicle" application involves the use of a battery combining a hybrid vehicle and an electric vehicle and is an example where aging mechanisms of different nature can succeed and interact.
A large part of the aging mechanisms present in lithium-ion batteries have already been studied in an isolated way [4-6], in particular the growth mechanism of the SEI layer (Solid Electrolyte Interface - typical of calendar aging) and the lithium deposition mechanism in the negative electrode (caused by cold and / or fast charges). Nevertheless, the effects of the interactions between the mechanisms of aging are still rather unknown. Work [7-9] has shown that the degradation produced by the concatenation of different phases of use (rest, cycling at different regimes, variations in charge states, temperature variations) can not be explained by a simple addition of degradations obtained under stationary conditions.
Scientific bariers
The scientific barriers currently identified for this thesis are:
• Measurement of aging mechanisms in a wide range of use of the battery (current levels, state of charge, temperature).
• Establishment of relations between the various operating modes (rest, slow charge, fast charge) and the mechanisms of aging (growth of SEI, lithium deposition, etc.).
• Measurement of interactions between different mechanisms (eg, SEI growth and lithium deposition).
• Development of a performance degradation model (available energy and power) according to a complex succession of modes of operation.

Research program and scientific approach

The work will include a literature review to make state of the art knowledge about aging batteries. An analysis of the databases currently acquired (MOBICUS project, Eduardo Redondo's thesis) will make it possible to verify whether the data cover all the envisaged conditions of use. New experiments can then be conducted to complete and validate the results of these previous projects.

After having identified, understood and quantified aging mechanisms and their interactions, the second phase of the thesis will consist of a modeling approach. The models obtained must be compatible with the VEHLIB simulation library developed within the team. These models must be configurable and predict the evolution of battery performance (energy and power available) according to the different types of use, the size and composition of the batteries and also the ambient conditions.

Finally, the application of these models to some representative scenarios for the use of plug-in hybrid vehicles (eg different battery sizes, trip types or charging strategies) may highlight the guidelines for further work on optimization. Some scenarios may be chosen and validated experimentally on battery test benches.

Discipline and profile of the candidate

Discipline: Electrical Engineering

Technical skills :

• Knowledge of power electronics, electrical engineering and instrumentation

• Knowledge of one or more programming languages (eg Matlab, C)

Other skills:

• Rigor, autonomy and scientific curiosity.

• Oral and written English (writing scientific articles and presentations at international conferences).

supervising team
Co-director: Serge PELISSIER, DR (HDR), IFSTTAR / AME / LTE
Co-director: Pascal VENET, PU (HDR), University Claude Bernard Lyon1, Ampere UMR CNRS 5005
Supervisor and contact: Eduardo REDONDO-IGLESIAS, IR (Doctor), IFSTTAR / AME / LTE

Bibliography

[1] IEA Global EV Outlook 2017.
[2] Comission Européenne. Reducing CO2 emissions from passenger cars (https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/cars_fr)
[3] Redondo-Iglesias, E. Étude du vieillissement des batteries lithium-ion dans les applications "véhicule électrique" : Combinaison des effets de vieillissement calendaire et de cyclage. Université de Lyon, 2017.
[4] Vetter, J.; Novák, P.; Wagner, M.; Veit, C.; Möller, K.-C.; Besenhard, J.; Winter, M.; Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, M.; Vogler, C. & Hammouche, A. Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries J. Power Sources , 2005, 147, 269 - 281
[5] Dubarry, M.; Truchot, C. & Liaw, B. Y. Synthesize battery degradation modes via a diagnostic and prognostic model J. Power Sources , 2012, 219, 204 - 216
[6] Ecker, M.; Gerschler, J. B.; Vogel, J.; Käbitz, S.; Hust, F.; Dechent, P. & Sauer, D. U. Development of a lifetime prediction model for lithium-ion batteries based on extended accelerated aging test data J. Power Sources , 2012, 215, 248 - 257
[7] Ben-Marzouk, M.; Chaumond, A.; Redondo-Iglesias, E.; Montaru, M. & Pélissier, S.
Experimental Protocols and First Results of Calendar and/or Cycling Aging Study of Lithium-Ion Batteries – the MOBICUS Project
World Electric Vehicle Journal, 2016, 8, 388-397
[8] Grolleau, S.; Baghdadi, I.; Gyan, P.; Marzouk, M. B. & Duclaud, F.
Capacity fade of lithium-ion batteries upon mixed calendar/cycling aging protocol
EVS29-2016 Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition, 2016, 12-p
[9] Calendar and cycling ageing combination of batteries in electric vehicles
Microelectronics Reliability, 2018, 88-90, 1212 – 1215

Keywords : Environment, Energy, Hybrid Vehicle, Battery, Characterization, Modeling, Aging, Reliability

Main host Laboratory - Referent Advisor	-
Director of the main host Laboratory	-
PhD Speciality	Génie Electrique
Axis of the performance contract	1 - COP2017 - Efficient transport and safe travel
Main location	Bron
Doctoral affiliation	UNIVERSITE CLAUDE-BERNARD-LYON 1
PhD school	ELECTRONIQUE, ELECTROTECHNIQUE, AUTOMATIQUE (EEA)
Planned PhD supervisor	PELISSIER Serge - Université Gustave Eiffel - COSYS - LICIT-ECO7
Planned PhD co-supervisor	VENET Pascal - LYON 1 - Laboratoire Ampère
Planned financing	Thèse sur contrat - Ifsttar
Abstract Scientific context With the aim of reducing dependence on fossil fuels and limiting the effects of human activities on the climate, governments in most developed countries are implementing measures favoring models of vehicles emitting the least CO2. Automakers must reduce the average fuel consumption of their fleet. To achieve this, in the last decade, many models of micro-hybrid vehicles, hybrid and electric (VE) have emerged. But in recent years a new vehicle technology was developed, namely plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHVs). Today, these constitute 40% of the total number of rechargeable vehicles (VHR + VE) [1]. The rechargeable hybrid vehicle, unlike the electric vehicle can be considered as a replacement of the conventional thermal vehicle in terms of autonomy, while allowing a significant reduction in fossil energy consumption. As a result, it is likely that the rapid development of plug-in hybrid vehicles in recent years will continue in the next decade to allow car manufacturers to meet the CO2 emission limits imposed by governments. For example, the objectives of the European Union have increased from 130 g / km in 2015 to 95 g / km in 2021 [2]. The energy optimization of vehicles is the central theme of the VEH team (vehicles electric and hybrid) of the LTE. The research carried out in recent years in this direction has made it possible to optimize the energy consumption of vehicles, in particular for electric and hybrid vehicles, and is now moving towards global optimization of energy / pollution / raw materials. In the case of electrified vehicles, this research is based on the "batteries aging" theme. Indeed, the battery is the most sensitive component in electric or electric hybrid powertrains given their high cost and their short life. Research conducted by the team in recent years has deepened the understanding of stress-generating modes of operation and measured their consequences on battery aging. This thesis is a natural continuation of Eduardo REDONDO's thesis (October 2017). E. REDONDO focused on the aging of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles taking into account the interactions between calendar aging (with the battery at rest) and cycling (when the battery is charging or discharging). After an exhaustive bibliographic study on the electrochemical phenomena governing the functioning and aging mechanisms of batteries, this thesis allowed the development of empirical aging models adapted to the use of an electric vehicle. The equations on which these models rest were formulated in coherence with the physical laws of the phenomena leading to the aging of the batteries [3]. As for most of the work on energy storage within IFSTTAR, these studies will be carried out in collaboration with the Ampère Laboratory (University of Lyon) within the framework of the ERC GEST (Joint Research Team "Gestion de l’Energie et Stockage dans les Transports - Management of Energy and Storage for Transport "). The results obtained can be applied to the central theme of the VEH team for a global optimization (energy / pollutants / raw materials). In this sense, they are part of the collaboration begun with the DLR within the INNOMOB institute. Objectives The lithium-ion batteries that power hybrid and electric vehicles have been studied and optimized for both types of use. In the first case, the currents through the battery are high while the state of charge remain at average levels. In the second, the battery experience low currents and the state of charge can vary over a wide range. These two uses can trigger very different aging mechanisms. The "plug-in hybrid vehicle" application involves the use of a battery combining a hybrid vehicle and an electric vehicle and is an example where aging mechanisms of different nature can succeed and interact. A large part of the aging mechanisms present in lithium-ion batteries have already been studied in an isolated way [4-6], in particular the growth mechanism of the SEI layer (Solid Electrolyte Interface - typical of calendar aging) and the lithium deposition mechanism in the negative electrode (caused by cold and / or fast charges). Nevertheless, the effects of the interactions between the mechanisms of aging are still rather unknown. Work [7-9] has shown that the degradation produced by the concatenation of different phases of use (rest, cycling at different regimes, variations in charge states, temperature variations) can not be explained by a simple addition of degradations obtained under stationary conditions. Scientific bariers The scientific barriers currently identified for this thesis are: • Measurement of aging mechanisms in a wide range of use of the battery (current levels, state of charge, temperature). • Establishment of relations between the various operating modes (rest, slow charge, fast charge) and the mechanisms of aging (growth of SEI, lithium deposition, etc.). • Measurement of interactions between different mechanisms (eg, SEI growth and lithium deposition). • Development of a performance degradation model (available energy and power) according to a complex succession of modes of operation. Research program and scientific approach The work will include a literature review to make state of the art knowledge about aging batteries. An analysis of the databases currently acquired (MOBICUS project, Eduardo Redondo's thesis) will make it possible to verify whether the data cover all the envisaged conditions of use. New experiments can then be conducted to complete and validate the results of these previous projects. After having identified, understood and quantified aging mechanisms and their interactions, the second phase of the thesis will consist of a modeling approach. The models obtained must be compatible with the VEHLIB simulation library developed within the team. These models must be configurable and predict the evolution of battery performance (energy and power available) according to the different types of use, the size and composition of the batteries and also the ambient conditions. Finally, the application of these models to some representative scenarios for the use of plug-in hybrid vehicles (eg different battery sizes, trip types or charging strategies) may highlight the guidelines for further work on optimization. Some scenarios may be chosen and validated experimentally on battery test benches. Discipline and profile of the candidate Discipline: Electrical Engineering Technical skills : • Knowledge of power electronics, electrical engineering and instrumentation • Knowledge of one or more programming languages (eg Matlab, C) Other skills: • Rigor, autonomy and scientific curiosity. • Oral and written English (writing scientific articles and presentations at international conferences). supervising team Co-director: Serge PELISSIER, DR (HDR), IFSTTAR / AME / LTE Co-director: Pascal VENET, PU (HDR), University Claude Bernard Lyon1, Ampere UMR CNRS 5005 Supervisor and contact: Eduardo REDONDO-IGLESIAS, IR (Doctor), IFSTTAR / AME / LTE Bibliography [1] IEA Global EV Outlook 2017. [2] Comission Européenne. Reducing CO2 emissions from passenger cars (https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/cars_fr) [3] Redondo-Iglesias, E. Étude du vieillissement des batteries lithium-ion dans les applications "véhicule électrique" : Combinaison des effets de vieillissement calendaire et de cyclage. Université de Lyon, 2017. [4] Vetter, J.; Novák, P.; Wagner, M.; Veit, C.; Möller, K.-C.; Besenhard, J.; Winter, M.; Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, M.; Vogler, C. & Hammouche, A. Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries J. Power Sources , 2005, 147, 269 - 281 [5] Dubarry, M.; Truchot, C. & Liaw, B. Y. Synthesize battery degradation modes via a diagnostic and prognostic model J. Power Sources , 2012, 219, 204 - 216 [6] Ecker, M.; Gerschler, J. B.; Vogel, J.; Käbitz, S.; Hust, F.; Dechent, P. & Sauer, D. U. Development of a lifetime prediction model for lithium-ion batteries based on extended accelerated aging test data J. Power Sources , 2012, 215, 248 - 257 [7] Ben-Marzouk, M.; Chaumond, A.; Redondo-Iglesias, E.; Montaru, M. & Pélissier, S. Experimental Protocols and First Results of Calendar and/or Cycling Aging Study of Lithium-Ion Batteries – the MOBICUS Project World Electric Vehicle Journal, 2016, 8, 388-397 [8] Grolleau, S.; Baghdadi, I.; Gyan, P.; Marzouk, M. B. & Duclaud, F. Capacity fade of lithium-ion batteries upon mixed calendar/cycling aging protocol EVS29-2016 Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition, 2016, 12-p [9] Calendar and cycling ageing combination of batteries in electric vehicles Microelectronics Reliability, 2018, 88-90, 1212 – 1215
Keywords :	Environment, Energy, Hybrid Vehicle, Battery, Characterization, Modeling, Aging, Reliability

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